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bacteriostatic vs bactericidal

bacteriostatic vs bactericidal

bacteriostatic vs bactericidal

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bacteriostatic vs bactericidal

Many of us are familiar with term “antibacterial” – the type of technologies that are widely used to treat fabrics, plastics and coatings to prevent bacteria.

They work by inhibiting the growth of and/or destroying unwanted microorganisms that are growing and replicating on surfaces or in fabrics.

These agents are well known for actively helping to keep surfaces cleaner, reducing odours and making product last longer; however, what is less commonly known is that products that help us control these microorganisms are divided into two general categories: bactericidal and bacteriostatic.

When you say each of the category titles out loud, they sound quite similar; however, there are specific defining features that help us to categorize different types of antimicrobials.

While we discuss what makes each category unique, it is important to keep in mind that at a certain level (or dosage) the “lines” may become blurred as to which of these categories the antibiotic truly belongs in.

For example, if the concentration of a bacteriostatic treatment is particularly high, it may perform in ways that are more reflective of the characteristics you would expect to see in a bactericidal, however, this does not mean the technology is inherently bactericidal.

Let’s look at the differences in meanings between bactericidal vs bacteriostatic.

bacteriostatic vs bactericidal
bacteriostatic vs bactericidal

Bactericidal Antibiotics

Like I mentioned before, bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria directly. You can remember this word because the suffix ‘cidal’ means kill, like in the words homicide or suicide. How do bactericidal antibiotics actually kill bacteria? Well, there are many different antibiotics that all have different mechanisms, and you can learn more about them in other lessons. But here are a couple examples.

The antibiotic polymyxin B injures the plasma membrane of bacteria, allowing their contents to leak out. Under normal circumstances, bacteria and other cells have to keep a perfect balance of ions on both sides of the plasma membrane because of osmosis. Polymyxin B disrupts this balance, and also lets other important molecules, like DNA and RNA, leak out, so the bacterium is a goner.

  • Bactericidal antibodies inhibit cell wall synthesis.
  • they are limit the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacterial protein production, DNA replication, or other aspects of bacterial cellular metabolism.
  • Bacteriostatic antibiotics must work together with the immune system to remove the microorganisms from the body.

Bacteriostatic Antibiotics

In contrast to bactericidal antibiotics, bacteriostatic antibiotics stop bacteria from growing. This word is also easy to remember: the suffix ‘static’ means staying stable. The bacteria don’t die, but they can’t grow or replicate either.

So, how do bacteriostatic antibiotics help clear up an infection, if they don’t actually kill bacteria? Well, bacteria normally divide really quickly in our bodies, and their numbers can get totally out of control. But if an antibiotic stops them from growing and dividing, the host’s immune system will be able to get rid of the bacteria.

Tetracycline is an example of a bacteriostatic antibiotic. It inhibits the bacterial ribosome, so that no new proteins can be made. This doesn’t kill the bacteria; they already have the proteins they need to survive for a while. However, they can’t replicate, because they would need to make tons of new proteins in order to make a whole new bacterial cell.

Another class of bacteriostatic antibiotics is the sulfa drugs. They prevent the production of important metabolites that the bacterium needs in order to make new DNA, RNA and proteins. Again, this doesn’t kill the bacteria, but there’s no way they can replicate and make new bacteria without new DNA, RNA and proteins. Okay, now we understand the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics. Let’s look at the difference between broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

  • bactericidal: An agent that kills bacteria.
  • bacteriostatic: A drug that prevents bacterial growth and reproduction but does not necessarily kill them. When it is removed from the environment the bacteria start growing again.
bacteriostatic vs bactericidal
bacteriostatic vs bactericidal

Advantages of Bacteriostatic Action

Exotoxins of staphylococci and streptococci may produce toxic shock syndrome. Although these bacteria are usually susceptible to clindamycin, its bacteriostatic action had for some time been

considered a disadvantage, and bactericidal antibacterial agents were preferred. However, clindamycin has been shown to completely inhibit toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 production by S. aureus in both growth– and stationary-phase cultures [102]. At high bacterial loads, clindamycin is also more effective than penicillin in reducing mortality of experimental thigh infection with either Clostridium perfringens  or S. pyogenes. Clindamycin is now considered a major component of therapy for staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome [103]. Bacteriostatic agents inhibit protein synthesis in resting slow-growing bacteria not affected by bactericidal β-lactams.

Defining bactericidal and bacteriostatic

Two definitions are important to clarify here.  First, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is defined as the concentration that inhibits visible bacterial growth at 24 hours of growth in specific media, at a specific temperature, and at a specific carbon dioxide concentration.  Second, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is the concentration of a drug that results in a 1,000-fold reduction in bacterial density at 24 hours of growth in the same specific conditions.

The formal definition of a bactericidal antibiotic is one for which the ratio of MBC to MIC is ≤ 4, while a bacteriostatic agent has an MBC to MIC ratio of > 4.  Thus, an antibiotic that achieves a >1,000-fold reduction in bacterial density but does so at a concentration that is 8-fold above the MIC of the drug is considered bacteriostatic, despite the fact that it clearly kills the bacteria.

Similarly, an antibiotic that achieves a 10-fold, or even a 500-fold, reduction in bacterial density at a concentration of 2- to 4-fold above the MIC is characterized as bacteriostatic, even though it

demonstrates impressive killing ability.

Comparison Table Between Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic

Parameters of Comparison Bactericidal Bacteriostatic
Meaning Refers to the killing of bacteria Refers to inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria.
Process Irreversible process. Reversible process.
Mode of action It inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Inhibits protein synthesis and DNA replication of bacteria.
Antibiotics usage Endocarditis, meningitis, neutropenia, osteomyelitis Wound infection, urinary tract infection
Examples ß-lactum antibiotics, ofloxacin, penicillin, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, and cephalosporins. Chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, erythromycin,  trimethoprim, spectinomycin, lincosamide,  macrolides, etc.
bacteriostatic vs bactericidal
bacteriostatic vs bactericidal

Bactericidal Vs. Bacteriostatic

1. Classification of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic

These are both antibiotics, with bactericidal drugs classified as bacteria-killing, and bacteriostatic drugs as bacteria-inhibiting. There is a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) necessary to kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antibiotics need to comply with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in order to function effectively.

2. Action of Bactericidal Vs. Bacteriostatic

Generally, bactericidal antibiotics cause cell death by preventing cell wall synthesis of the bacterial cell. This reduces the number of bacterial cells present. This is achieved by inhibiting protein synthesis, DNA replication or other cellular metabolic actions, although it does not cause bacterial cell death. This effect is reversible, unlike the action of bactericidal drugs. The amount of bacterial cells, therefore, remains the same, although in a static phase. The bacteriostatic drugs also differ since it needs to function alongside the host immune system to overcome the bacteria, while the bactericidal agents kill bacteria, but may cause inflammation due to the release of bacterial cell contents and sometimes toxins.

3. Application

The application differs according to the type of bacterial infection, since certain antibiotics may be bactericidal in some cases while acting as a bacteriostatic drug when confronted with a different strain of bacteria. Its use depends on the type of infection, with bactericidal drugs often used for diseases such as endocarditis or meningitis.

4. Side effects

Bactericidal drugs with a rapid mode of action will often stimulate severe inflammation due to the release of bacterial cell contents upon cell death, which can result in toxic shock syndrome. This means that in certain cases, bacteriostatic drugs are often preferred to limit the spread of toxins, for example, in the case of gangrene. Bacteriostatic drugs have no side effects other than preventing

bacterial growth, although if removed from the system its effect is reversed.

5. Clinical considerations

The outcome can be affected by various factors, including the bacterial density, host immune response, underlying disease or the site of infection. Bactericidal drugs applied in high concentrations in cases of compromised drug penetration, although these are not necessarily superior to bacteriostatic drugs.

Bactericidal drugs:                                          Bacteriostatic drugs:
Aminoglycosides                                                Glycylcyclines (tigecycline)
Beta-lactams                                                        Lincosamides (clindamycin)
Fluoroquinolones                                               Macrolides (azithromycin, fidaxomicin)
Glycopeptides (vancomycin)                           Oxazolidinones (linezolid, tedizolid)
Lipopeptides (daptomycin)                             Streptogramins (quinipristin/dalfopristin)
Nitroimidazoles/nitrofurans                           Sulphonamides (sulfamethoxazole)
(metronidazole/nitrofurantoin)                     Tetracyclines
Rifampin
bacteriostatic vs bactericidal

Main Differences Between Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic

  1. Bactericidal are antibiotics that kill the bacteria, while bacteriostatic are antibiotics that prevent bacterial growth.
  2. Bactericidal antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall formation, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit the protein synthesis and DNA replication of bacteria.
  3. The mode of action of bactericidal is irreversible, while that of bacteriostatic is reversible.
  4. Bactericidal antibiotics work on bacteria by killing them, while bacteriostatic antibiotics tend to inhibit bacterial growth by preventing the synthesis of protein.
  5. Bactericidal drugs can show side effects such as toxic shock syndrome in humans, whereas bacteriostatic antibiotics rarely show side effects.

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