solsarin

the complate explain

halogen characteristics

halogen characteristics

halogen characteristics

Hi, welcome to solsarin site, today we want to talk about“halogen characteristics”,

thank you for choosing us.

halogen characteristics

halogen, any of the six nonmetallic elements that constitute Group 17 (Group VIIa) of the periodic table . The halogen elements are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts). They were given the name halogen, from the Greek roots hal- (“salt”) and -gen (“to produce”), because

they all produce sodium salts of similar properties, of which sodium chloride—table salt, or halite—is best known.

Because of their great reactivity, the free halogen elements are not found in nature. In combined form, fluorine is the most abundant of the halogens in Earth’s crust. The percentages of the halogens in the igneous rocks of Earth’s crust are 0.06 fluorine, 0.031 chlorine, 0.00016 bromine, and 0.00003 iodine. Astatine and tennessine do not occur in nature, because they consist of only short-lived radioactive isotopes.

halogen characteristics
halogen characteristics

Atomic Characteristics of Halogens

The halogen family occupies Group 17 (Group VII or VIIA) of the periodic table, and the group number designates the number of valence electrons. Halogens have seven valence electrons in their outermost shell, which can receive an electron from another atom to satisfy the octet rule and thus form stable compounds. Because of their great reactivity, halogens are found in nature not as the free elements, but

rather as the diatomic molecules, for example Cl2 and I2.

Going down the rows in the periodic table, the energy level rises but not the electron configuration at the highest level. The valence electron configuration of fluorine is 2s2 2p5 while that of iodine is 5s2 5p5. The number of layers of electrons around the nucleus also increases from fluorine through chlorine, bromine to iodine. As a result, the atomic radius increase since more layers take up more space due to electron repulsion.

Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself.Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of 3.98 among halogens, and the electronegativity decreases down the group. Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom. The more electronegative the element, the higher the ionization energy. Thus, fluorine has the highest ionization energy across the halogen family.

Halogens display physical and chemical properties typical of nonmetals. They have relatively low melting and boiling points that increase steadily down the group. Near room temperature, the halogens span all of the physical states: Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid.

halogen characteristics

Physical Properties

Atoms get bigger down the group as additional electron shells are filled. When fluorine exists as a diatomic molecule, the F–F bond is unexpectedly weak.

The boiling points of halogens increase down the group due to the increasing strength of Van der Waals forces as the size and relative atomic mass of the atoms increase.moreover, This change manifests itself in a change in the phase of the elements from gas (F2, Cl2) to liquid (Br2), to solid (I2). The halogens are the only periodic table group containing elements in all three familiar states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) at standard temperature and pressure.

Chemical Properties

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons or electron density towards itself within a covalent bond.moreover, Electronegativity depends upon the attraction between the nucleus and bonding electrons in the outer shell. This, in turn, depends on the balance between the number of protons in the nucleus, the distance between the nucleus and bonding electrons, and the shielding effect of inner electrons. In hydrogen halides (HX, where X is the halogen), the H-X bond gets longer as the halogen atoms get larger. This means the shared electrons are further from the halogen nucleus, which increases the shielding of inner electrons. This means electronegativity decreases down the group.

Halogens are highly reactive, and they can be harmful or lethal to biological organisms in sufficient quantities. This reactivity is due to high electronegativity and high effective nuclear charge. Halogens can gain an electron by reacting with atoms of other elements.

Fluorine is one of the most reactive elements. It reacts with otherwise inert materials such as glass, and it forms compounds with the heavier noble gases.

Chemical Properties

It is a corrosive and highly toxic gas. Fluorine’s reactivity means that once it does react with something, it bonds so strongly that the resulting molecule is inert and non-reactive. Fluorine can react with glass in the presence of small amounts of water to form silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4).

Fluorine reacts vigorously with water to produce oxygen (O2) and hydrogen fluoride:

[latex]2 F_2 (g) + 2 H_2O (l) \rightarrow O_2 (g) + 4 HF (aq)[/latex]

Chlorine has maximum solubility of 7.1 g per kg of water at ambient temperature (21 °C). Dissolved chlorine reacts to form hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO), a solution that can be used as a disinfectant or bleach:

[latex]Cl_2 (g) + H_2O (l) \rightarrow HCl (aq) + HClO (aq)[/latex]

Bromine has a solubility of 3.41 g per 100 g of water. It slowly reacts to form hydrogen bromide (HBr) and hypobromous acid (HBrO):

[latex]Br_2 (g) + H_2O (l) \rightarrow HBr (aq) + HBrO (aq)[/latex]

Iodine is minimally soluble in water, with a solubility of 0.03 g per 100 g water. However, iodine will form an aqueous solution in the presence of iodide ion. This occurs with the addition of potassium iodide (KI), forming a triiodide ion.

halogen characteristics
halogen characteristics

what are the three characteristics of halogens?

They exist in all three classical states of matter – solid, liquid and gas. All halogens are electronegative. They gain electrons very fast making them most reactive of all chemical elements. Halogens are diatomic when kept under room temperature.

Important Characteristics

  • All these elements are extremely reactive.
  • Due to this tendency towards high reactivity, the halogens cannot exist in the environment as pure elements.
  • Most halogen ions and atoms can be found in combination with other compounds present in the sea or mineral water. This is because halogen elements tend to create salt when they come in contact with the metals and combine with them to form compounds.
  • As mentioned previously, halogens are the only elemental group in the entire periodic table, which is composed of elements that belong to all three classical states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas). This is proved by the fact that when kept under room temperature and normal pressure, astatine and iodine take the form of solids, bromine appears as a liquid, and chlorine and fluorine occur as gases.
  • All halogen elements form hydrogen halides, which are very strong acids, when they combine with hydrogen, and form binary compounds.
  • On reacting among themselves within the halogen group, these elements form diatomic inter halogen compounds.
  • Halogens get their high tendency to react with other matter due to high levels of electronegativity of their atoms, which is a result of the high effective nuclear charge of all halogen atoms.

halogen characteristics

halogen characteristics

Elements

Fluorine

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and is denoted by the symbol F. Elemental fluorine was first discovered in 1886 by isolating it from hydrofluoric acid.moreover, Fluorine exists as a diatomic molecule in its free state

Fluorine is the most electronegative element in the periodic table. It appears as a pale yellow gas at room temperature. Fluorine also has a relatively small atomic radius.moreover, Its oxidation state is always -1 except in its elemental, diatomic state (in which its oxidation state is zero). Fluorine is extremely reactive and reacts directly with all elements except helium (He), neon (Ne) and argon (Ar).

In H2O solution, hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a weak acid. Although fluorine is highly electronegative, its electronegativity does not determine its acidity; HF is a weak acid due to the fact that the fluoride ion is basic (pH>7). In addition, fluorine produces very powerful oxidants. For example, fluorine can react with the noble gas xenon and form the strong oxidizing agent Xenon Difluoride (XeF2).

 Bromine

Bromine has an atomic number of 35 with a symbol of Br. It was first discovered in 1826. In its elemental form, it is the diatomic molecule Br2.moreover, At room temperature, bromine is a reddish- brown liquid. Its oxidation states vary from -1, +1, 3, 4 and 5. Bromine is more reactive than iodine, but not as reactive as chlorine. Also, bromine has two isotopes: 79Br and 81Br.  The world production of bromide has increased significantly over the years, due to its access and longer existence. Like all of the other halogens, bromine is an oxidizing agent, and is very toxic.

Iodine

Iodine has the atomic number 53 and symbol I. It has oxidation states -1, +1, 5 and 7. It exists as a diatomic molecule, I2, in its elemental state.moreover, At room temperature, it appears as a violet solid. Iodine has one stable isotope: 127I. It was first discovered in 1811 through the use of seaweed and sulfuric acid. Although iodine is not very soluble in water, the solubility may

Iodine has many important roles in life, including thyroid hormone production.

 

halogen characteristics,

Interesting Facts about Halogens

  • The name halogen comes from the Greek words “hals”, meaning “salt”, and “gen”, meaning “to make.”
  • Fluorine gas is deadly. Breathing air with only a small concentration of 0.1% fluorine can cause death.
  • Astatine has found uses in medicine even though it is radioactive and decays quickly.
  • Bromine liquid evaporates easily at room temperatures emitting an orange vapor.
  • Bromine has a very strong and bad odor. It gets its name from the Greek word “bromos” which means “stench.”
  • Despite the fact that fluorine and chlorine are poisonous, small amounts are essential to human health and life.

halogen characteristics

MORE POSTS:

related posts

No more posts to show
 Exciting Announcement: Introducing our new Technical and Economic Justification Plan! x read more about