medieval capitalized?
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Early modern period
The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era. Although the chronological limits of this period are open to debate, the timeframe spans the period after the late post-classical or Middle Ages (c. 1400–1500) through the beginning of the Age of Revolutions (c. 1800). It is variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Renaissance period in Europe and Timurid Central Asia, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, the end of the Crusades, the Age of Discovery (especially the voyages of Christopher Columbus beginning in 1492 but also Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India in 1498), and ending around the French Revolution in 1789, or Napoleon’s rise to power.
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Historians in recent decades have argued that from a worldwide standpoint, the most important feature of the early modern period was its spreading globalizing character. New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the period. This process began in the medieval North Italian city-states and maritime republics, particularly Genoa, Venice, and Milan in the west, and in India’s Bengal in the east. The early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism.
1647
In the Americas, pre-Columbian peoples had built a large and varied civilization, including the Aztec Empire, the Inca civilization, the Maya civilization and its cities, and the Muisca. The European colonization of the Americas began during the early modern period, as did the establishment of European trading hubs in Asia and Africa, which contributed to the spread of Christianity around the world. The rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe, in particular the Columbian Exchange that linked the Old World and the New World, greatly altered the human environment.
Notably, the Atlantic slave trade and colonization of Native Americans began during this period. The Ottoman Empire conquered Southeastern Europe, and parts of the West Asia and North Africa. Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century. The Great Divergence took place as Western Europe greatly surpassed China in technology and per capita wealth.
From 1600 to 1868
In the Islamic world, after the fall of the Timurid Renaissance, powers such as the Ottoman, Suri, Safavid, and Mughal empires grew in strength (three of which are known as gunpowder empires for the military technology that enabled them). Particularly in the Indian subcontinent, Mughal architecture, culture, and art reached their zenith, while the empire itself is believed to have had the world’s largest economy, bigger than the entirety of Western Europe and worth 25% of global GDP, signalling the period of proto-industrialization.
Various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere. In Japan, the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period. In Korea, the early modern period is considered to have lasted from the rise of the Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong. By the 16th century, Asian economies under the Ming dynasty and Mughal Bengal were stimulated by trade with the Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch, while Japan engaged in the Nanban trade after the arrival of the first European Portuguese during the Azuchi–Momoyama period.
Hints on word use and phrasing when writing about pre-modern History
Papal
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A few suggestions
For many scholars, this issue constitutes a judgement call, so there is no hard and fast rule. Here are, however, some suggestions: (1) Catholic Church should always be capitalized. (2) Instead of using the noun “Church,” see if another substitute, such as “local church,” “pope,” “bishop(s),” “clergy,” “episcopate,” “clerical hierarchy,” etc., might be more precise.
Capitalization, “crusade” and “holy land” – Conventional use generally admits the capitalization of specific crusades, e.g., First Crusade, Second Crusade, Children’s Crusade, Baltic Crusade. However, “crusades” should not be capitalized when used in a general sense, nor should “crusaders.” “Holy land” should not be capitalized, since it is not a common or ecumenical designation for a particular place. One can safely speak of “Christian holy land(s)” or “Muslim holy land(s),” however.
God
Catholic Church
Christianity
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The general rule
The general rule is to capitalize names of specific historical periods with defined beginnings and endings. But to lowercase descriptive terms.
EXAMPLES
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- the Middle Ages
- the Stone Age
- the Renaissance
- medieval times
- the modern age
- the postcolonial era
Years, decades, and centuries not capitalized when written in words.
EXAMPLES
- Nineteen twenty-three was a watershed year in motor racing.
- The nineties were a time of immense possibility.
- Sylvia Plath was one of the great poets of the twentieth century.
When not to capitalize
Avoid capitalizing descriptive terms used for time periods.
EXAMPLES
- the digital age
- space-age technology
- the nuclear age
- a golden age
- the medieval period
- ancient times
- the modern age
- the postmodern era
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