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most diverse vertebrate group

most diverse vertebrate group

most diverse vertebrate group

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Vertebrate

Vertebrates (/ˈvɜːrtɪbrəts/) comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (/vɜːrtɪˈbreɪtə/) (chordates with backbones), including all mammalsbirds, reptilesamphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 69,963 species described. They comprise such groups as the following:

  • jawless fish, which include hagfishand lampreys
  • jawed vertebrates, which include:
    • cartilaginous fish(sharksrays, and ratfish)
    • bony vertebrates, which include:
      • ray-fins(the majority of living bony fish)
      • lobe-fins, which include:
        • coelacanthsand lungfish
        • tetrapods(limbed vertebrates)

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Extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species Paedophryne amauensis, at as little as 7.7 mm (0.30 in), to the blue whale, at up to 33 m (108 ft). Vertebrates make up less than five percent of all described animal species; the rest are invertebrates, which lack vertebral columns.

1992

The vertebrates traditionally include the hagfish, which do not have proper vertebrae due to their loss in evolution, though their closest living relatives, the lampreys, do. Hagfish do, however, possess a cranium. For this reason, the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as “Craniata” when discussing morphology. Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish are most closely related to lampreys, and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of craniata.

most diverse vertebrate group
most diverse vertebrate group

Etymology

The word vertebrate derives from the Latin word vertebratus (Pliny), meaning joint of the spine.

Vertebrate is derived from the word vertebra, which refers to any of the bones or segments of the spinal column.

Anatomy and morphology

See also: Vertebrate anatomy

All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column and/or notochord), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below.

In all vertebrates, the mouth is found at, or right below, the anterior end of the animal, while the anus opens to the exterior before the end of the body. The remaining part of the body continuing after the anus forms a tail with vertebrae and spinal cord, but no gut.

Vertebral column

The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, in which the notochord (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints (intervertebral discs, derived embryonically and evolutionarily from the notochord).

However, a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the sturgeon and coelacanth. Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages (fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost), but this trait is not required in order for an animal to be a vertebrate.

Gills

All basal vertebrates breathe with gills. The gills carried right behind the head, bordering the posterior margins of a series of openings from the pharynx to the exterior. Each gill supported by a cartilagenous or bony gill arch. The bony fish have three pairs of arches, cartilaginous fish have five to seven pairs, while the primitive jawless fish have seven. The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches than this, as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gills.

In amphibians and some primitive bony fishes, the larvae bear external gills, branching off from the gill arches. These are reduced in adulthood, their function taken over by the gills proper in fishes and by lungs in most amphibians. Some amphibians retain the external larval gills in adulthood, the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of tetrapods.

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In the lack

While the more derived vertebrates lack gills, the gill arches form during fetal development, and form the basis of essential structures such as jaws, the thyroid gland, the larynx, the columella (corresponding to the stapes in mammals) and, in mammals, the malleus and incus.

Reptiles Surpass Birds To Become Most Diverse Vertebrates

More than 10,000 reptile species have been recorded into the Reptile Database, a web-based catalog of all living reptile species and classification, making the reptile species among the most diverse vertebrate groups in the world, alongside bird and fish species, and likely the largest known.

most diverse vertebrate group
most diverse vertebrate group

Experts projected that 2014 would mark the year that reptiles would become the most diverse vertebrate group in the world. Reptiles include snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, tuataras and amphisbaenians.

“Officially, we have logged 10,038 reptile species into the database, which is up from 9,952 that was reported in April,” said Peter Uetz, Ph.D., associate professor of systems biology and bioinformatics in the Center for the Study of Biological Complexity at Virginia Commonwealth University, part of VCU Life Sciences. Uetz is the founder, editor and curator of the Reptile Database, which he operates together with Jiří Hošek, a programmer in the Czech Republic.

Cyrtodactylus vilaphongi, a tiny gecko found in the jungle of Laos in Southeast Asia, put reptiles over the top at 10,000.Photo used with permission by Truong Nguyen

10,000

“Previously, 10,000 considered the landmark number because there are approximately 10,000 bird species. However, we can predict that reptiles will be more speciose, at least on paper, than birds very soon. Finally, reptiles will be the most speciose vertebrate group after fish,” said Uetz.

Speciose refers to the number of species known. Uetz added that there are “only” approximately 5,000 species of mammals and approximately 7,000 species of amphibians.

The 10,000th species recorded into the database is Cyrtodactylus vilaphongi, a tiny gecko found in the jungle of Laos in Southeast Asia, which discovered by a team of German, Vietnamese and Lao scientists.

The discoveries that entered into the Reptile Database made by taxonomists working in the field studying reptiles worldwide, and those working in museum collections or laboratories. The Reptile Database receives the information from the taxonomists directly or collects it from the scientific literature. Uetz and a team of reptilian and biodiversity experts, including many volunteers, organize the data, evaluate it and redistribute it.

Uetz

According to Uetz, in recent years, many species discovered by genetic analyses — showing that species look very similar although they may be genetically different.

Uetz said that many of the experts contributing to the database, including himself, conduct research using taxonomic information. Some experts study the morphology or ecology of particular species, while others analyze certain characters across all reptile species. For example, Uetz helped some colleagues from Israel and elsewhere to analyze the effect of temperature on the distribution in reptiles. Another ongoing study addresses longevity in reptiles. Previous studies have included some meta-analyses that describe the rates of discovery over the centuries.

“Species discoveries continue unabatedly, but also ironically, as many species turn out to endangered, as soon as they discovered, given that many restricted to very small ranges, such as mountain tops — including small mountains,” he said.

Reptiles

Uetz said that reaching the 10,000 mark happened faster than he expected, and could be due to an occurrence that taxonomists refer to as “revalidation” and “elevation.”

“This means that species resurrected that previously synonymized with some other species, or that a subspecies becomes a species, respectively,” Uetz said.

According to Uetz, there is much more work ahead for the Reptile Database, which has little to no support in terms of funding dollars. He said that in addition to collecting new species, the names of species are constantly changing because of new insights into their evolutionary history. Additionally, there a lot of distribution and natural history data that needs to entered. And then finally, all that data needs to analyzed for various biological projects, including conservation efforts.

2014

“Hopefully, the new status as a five-digit species animal group brings more support, funding and awareness for the bewildering diversity reptiles continue to reveal,” said Uetz.

Uetz will present these findings during the 2014 Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, July 30-Aug. 3, in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

What is the most abundant and diverse group of vertebrates?

bony fish
The bony fish (A) is the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates. The members of the bony fish, actinopterygians, dominate the vertebrates and the fishes species in total. Actinopterygii also known as ray finned fish.

Which is the largest most diverse group of arthropods?

Insects
They are the largest group of arthropods but can distinguished from other arthropods by certain characteristics. Insects have three body regions (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of legs and a pair of antennae. One gift most insects have that other arthropods lack is the ability to fly.

most diverse vertebrate group
most diverse vertebrate group

What is the most diverse group of reptiles?

Squamates
They are the most diverse of all the reptile groups, with approximately 7,400 living species. Squamates include lizards, snakes, and worm-lizards.

What is the largest class of arthropods?

Hexapoda
Hexapoda (Insecta) is the largest class of Phylum Arthropoda. It constitutes the largest number of species of arthropods.

Is a shark a vertebrate?

Do sharks have vertebrae? Sharks do have vertebrae. They have a backbone (vertebrae), a spinal cord, and a notochord. This is what makes them vertebrates, just like us humans.

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