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where did flamenco originate?

where did flamenco originate?

where did flamenco originate?

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where did flamenco originate?

Spanish flamenco music is the result of an interchange of musical styles, culture, and folklore between the Roma people (known as gitanos in Spain) and the native Andalusians, Castilians, Moors, and Sephardic Jews in the early eighteenth century.

Origins of flamenco:

Flamenco music was likely inspired by the music of India, brought to the European

continent by members of the gypsy culture. It is widely believed that the Roma people migrated to southern Spain from Rajasthan, in northwest India,

sometime between the ninth and fourteenth centuries, bringing with them a large repertoire of songs, dances, and musical instruments,

including tambourines, bells, and wooden castanets.

Over time, these Indian folkloric traditions mingled with the musical traditions of the Sephardic Jews and the Moors, resulting in what is now known as flamenco. There are some, however, who believe that flamenco existed in Andalusía long before the Roma arrived from India.

The Golden Age of flamenco:

Most experts agree that the golden age of flamenco happened sometime between the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Like other folkloric traditions, flamenco began as a deeply private, family-orientated tradition. It was first popularized in 1842 at Café sin Nombre, in Seville. The first of many flamenco venues (called tablaos) to open in Spanish cities, Café sin Nombre put on flamenco performances and invited patrons to watch the spectacle.

While this generated the beginnings of a flamenco performing industry, it also led to what some saw as a decline in the cultural superiority of the art form. In 1922, Spanish poet Federico García Lorca and composer Manuel de Falla created the first flamenco competition in an attempt to restore what they saw as the “purity” of flamenco. With the national spotlight on flamenco, the art form grew and flourished.

where did flamenco originate?
where did flamenco originate?

Modern flamenco and performers:

Modern flamenco continues to innovate. Classically-influenced artists push the boundaries of flamenco through ongoing collaborations with other artists, including filmmakers, theater makers, and visual artists, in an effort to diversify flamenco’s audience and introduce new generations to the art of flamenco. Famous contemporary flamenco performers include: Antonio Gades, Cristina Hoyos, José Greco II, and Lola Greco.

Where did flamenco originate from?

Nobody really knows where the term “flamenco” originated, but all agree that the art form began in southern SpainAndalusia and Murcia—but was also shaped by musicians and performers in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Europe.

Origin of flamenco in Andalusia

Flamenco has become a benchmark of Andalusian folklore, creating styles that have come to this day. Little by little, this art was attracting attention and taking fame, to the point that the dance and the singing of the private celebrations of the gypsies were transferred to the well-known singing cafés, places where it was performed live, getting in this way that Flamenco will become popular and become a musical genre.

Within the Andalusian community, Seville, Jerez de la Frontera and Granada are key to the origin of flamenco. These cities are considered as cradles of Andalusian flamenco and have been and continue to be a benchmark in and out of Spain.

Proof of this is the great cast of Sevillian, Jerez and Granada Flemish artists who have strolled and walk their talent on stages around the world. Another demonstration of the link that Seville, Jerez de la Frontera and Granada have with this art, is the amount of tablaos or flamenco styles they have, spaces that safeguard the flamenco spirit of this land.

What Is Flamenco?

flamenco, form of song, dance, and instrumental (mostly guitar) music commonly associated with the Andalusian Roma (Gypsies) of southern Spain. (There, the Roma people are called Gitanos.) The roots of flamenco, though somewhat mysterious, seem to lie in the Roma migration from Rajasthan (in northwest India) to Spain between the 9th and 14th centuries. These migrants brought with them musical instruments, such as tambourines, bells, and wooden castanets, and an extensive repertoire of songs and dances. In Spain they encountered the rich cultures of the Sephardic Jews and the Moors. Their centuries-long cultural intermingling produced the unique art form known as flamenco.

where did flamenco originate?
where did flamenco originate?

Flamenco History

Flamenco’s origins are a subject of much debate because it has only been documented for the past two hundred years, and the word Flamenco, which applies to the song, the dance and the guitar, did not come into use until the 18th century. Much of what we know before this time comes from stories that have been passed down through families, in a similar way to the flamenco song itself.

Although many of the details of the development of flamenco are lost in history, it is certain that it originated in Andalusia and that from the VIII to the XV centuries, when Spain was under Arab domination, their music and musical instruments were modified and adapted by Christians and Jews, and later by gipsies becoming a hybrid music separate from the musical forms which created it.

Between 1765 and 1860, the first Flamenco-schools were created in Cadiz, Jerez de la Frontera and Triana (Seville). In this epoch Flamenco dance started to have its firm position in the ballrooms. Early Flamenco seems to have been purely vocal, accompanied only by rhythmical clapping of hands, toque de palmas. It was left to dedicated composers, as Julián Arcas, to introduce guitar playing.

During its Golden Age (1869-1910) Flamenco was developed in the epoch’s numerous music cafés (cafés cantantes) to its definitive form. Also the more serious forms expressing deep feelings (cante jondo) date from then. Flamenco dance arrived to its climax, being the major attraction for the public of those cafés cantantes. Guitar players featuring the dancers increasingly gained a reputation.

History

The time from 1910 to 1955 Flamenco singing is marked by the ópera flamenca, with an easier kind of music such as fandangos and cantes de ida y vuelta. The latter clearly showed South American influences.

From 1915 on Flamenco shows were organized and performed all over the world. Anyhow, not everybody was enchanted with that development and intellectuals such as Falla organized 1922 in Granada a contest to promote “pure” cante jondo.

1955 started a sort of Flamenco Renaissance, with the great performer Antonio Mairena being its key figure. Outstanding dancers and soloists soon made their way out of the small tablaos, successors to the early cafés cantantes, to the great theatres and concert houses. It was now that guitar players acquired a great protagonism, and their playing arrived to maturity. The Flamenco guitar which formerly was just featuring the dancers arrived to be a soloist art form. Great virtuosos like Paco de Lucia played an essential roll in this development.

Massmedia have brought Flamenco to the world stage, but deeply it has always been and will remain an intimate kind of music. That’s why one of the most authentic Flamenco you may experience is in a juerga (flamenco party) with a small group of friends, at midnight somewhere in the South of Spain, when there is nothing around but the voice, the guitar and the body of a dancer moving in the moonlight.

Flamenco styles

Flamenco music styles are called palos in Spanish. There are over 50 different styles of flamenco. A palo can be defined as the basic rhythmic pattern of a flamenco style, but also covers the whole musical and cultural context of a particular flamenco style.

The rhythmic patterns of the palo’s are also often called compás. A compás is characterised by a recurring pattern of beats and accents. These recurring patterns make up a number of different rhythmic and musical forms known as toques.

To really understand the different palos it is also important to understand their musical and cultural context:

  • The mood intention of the palo (dancing – Fandango, consolation – Solea, fun – Buleria, etc.).
  • The set of typical melodic phrases, called falseta’s, which are often used in performances of a certain palo.
  • The relation to similar palos.
  • Cultural traditions associated with a palo (mens dance – Farruca)

The most fundamental palos are: Toná, Soleá, Fandango and Seguiriya. These four palos all

belong in the cante jondo category and form the rhythmic basis for nearly all the other palos.

where did flamenco originate?
where did flamenco originate?

Flamenco styles

Flamenco cante consists of a number of traditional (and not-so-traditional) forms, with characteristic rhythmic and harmonic structures. The rhythm (compás) is perhaps the most fundamental distinguishing feature of the different flamenco forms. The cante jondo, called the mother of flamenco, consists of 12 beats,

with accents on the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th beats. Songs are composed of several falseta’s with rhythms defined by the song form.

Some of the forms are sung unaccompanied, while others usually have a guitar and sometimes other accompaniment. Some forms are danced while others traditionally are not. Amongst both the songs and the dances, some are traditionally the preserve of men and others of women, while still others would be performed by either sex. Many of these traditional distinctions are now breaking down; for example the Farruca is traditionally a man’s dance, but is now commonly performed by women too.

The classification of flamenco forms is not entirely uncontentious, but a common and convenient first classification is into three groups. The deepest, most serious forms are known as cante jondo (or cante grande), while relatively light, frivolous forms are called cante chico. Forms which do not fit into either category but lie somewhere between them are classified as cante intermedio. Many flamenco artists, including some considered to be amongst the greatest, have specialised in a single flamenco form.

Types of Flamenco arts

There is not just one type of flamenco. There are many different variations, divided by origin and geographically. For example you can find Bulerías from Jerez, Seguiriyas, the closest to the Cante Jondo, and Soleás from the flamenco triangle (explained below). Other styles of flamenco are the famous Sevillana from Seville,  Fandango (Arab and Portuguese origin) from Huelva, and Alegrías.

Other provinces outside of Andalusia and within Andalusia created their own style of these. For example, Fandango (Arab and Portuguese origin) from Granada (Granaina), Malaga (Malagueña), Murcia (Murciana), or  Tango from Cadiz (Tanguillos), etc.

There are also the cantes de ida y vuelta, they are a group of flamenco styles, which have their origin in Latin American popular music. The following styles are within this group: the milonga, the rumba, the vidalita, the guajira and the colombiana. To explain a little more about these styles, “la colombiana” one does not have to do with Colombia, it is the result of the combination of a well-known Mexican corrido and a Basque zortxico with the rhythmic support of a Cuban rumba.

The expression used is “ida y vuelta”, due to the ancient belief that these styles arrived in America by Spanish emigrants. These types of flamenco appeared with the return of these emigrants and the return to their origins.

where did flamenco originate?
where did flamenco originate?

Flamenco Dance Technique

Flamenco Dance

While the common denominators of passion and fervor never waiver, there is no one single flamenco dance. In fact, depending on the criteria of mood intention, the set of melodic phrases and the cultural traditions behind each song, flamenco dance actually manifests

itself in more than 50 distinct palos (types of flamenco dance)! Both flamenco music and flamenco dance involve a great deal of personal improvisation which takes its form through

the spontanteous expression of the performer’s emotions at each moment of the performance. However, personal expression must adhere to the strict framework of flamenco

music’s traditions and rhythmic patterns.

Flamenco Dancers

In a flamenco performance, the dancer – or bailaor(a) – will often stand motionless for the first moments absorbing the strums of the guitar,

the clapping, and the singing until the inspiration hits him/her. Then he or she will launch into a flamenco dance every bit as passionate as the song being belted out by the cantaor

you can even see the explosion of emotions in the dancer’s facial expressions thoughout the performance.

The role of the flamenco dancer is essentially to physically interpret the words with light,

graceful arm movements that contrast the reverberating steps as feet drill into the floor with a bewildering intensity. Duets, performed by a man and a woman,

are often the most vivid flamenco dances. The dancers keep their eyes firmly locked each other,

constantly and aggressively building off one another in what becomes competition of passion, sexual tension, and emotion.

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