who lives in a typical household in nicaragua

who lives in a typical household in nicaragua

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only the children
only the parents and children
parents, children, aunts, uncles, and cousins
friends and pets

Family codes and national legal systems

Family codes as captured in both formal and informal laws,
norms and practices are not fixed or permanently embedded in
national, religious or cultural codes. They are in flux to greater
or lesser degrees, contested and shaped by human interaction
(Rao and Walton, 2004). Maintaining the status quo may serve
the interests of particular groups over others, and can result in
inequitable and discriminatory family codes.
Family codes in nationally based legal systems relate to
issues such as marriage, divorce, inheritance and ownership
duties and rights regarding children. Although human rights
conventions have an influence on such laws (for example,
the internationally recognised age of first marriage), there is
huge variety both in national law and in customary norms and
practices.

Harmonisation of law
A major challenge has been the harmonisation of legislation
to remove discriminatory practices and to enable accordance
with human rights legislation. Most sub-Saharan African
countries, for example, operate under a dual or tripartite
system of law, with civil, traditional/customary and religious
codes operating in parallel. For example, in Kenya, Nigeria,
South Africa and Zambia, three forms of marriage exist –
statutory, customary and religious – each of which condones
different practices. However, the man is usually considered the
head of the household – which can negatively impact women’s
inheritance and ownership rights.7 In Algeria, although the
Constitution guarantees the principle of equality between men
and women, harmonisation of law within the family code is
unclear, since the latter states clearly that men and women are
not equal within marriage. It is ‘the duty of the wife […] to
obey her husband.’ Wives are considered minors under the
authority of the husband and need a husband’s permission to
work or travel, although this does not reflect reality, especially
in urban areas.

Nicaragua

Nicaragua, country of Central America. It is the largest of the Central American republics. Nicaragua can be characterized by its agricultural economy, its history of autocratic government, and its imbalance of regional development. Almost all settlement and economic activity are concentrated in the western half of the country.

The country’s name is derived from Nicarao, chief of the indigenous people living around present-day Lake Nicaragua during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Nicaragua has a unique history in that it was the only country in Latin America to be colonized by both the Spanish and the British. Nicaragua’s population is made up mostly of mestizos (people of mixed European and indigenous ancestry). The national capital is Managua, which also is the country’s largest city and home to about one-sixth of the population.

Land

Nicaragua is bounded by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

Relief

The western half of Nicaragua is made up generally of valleys separated by low but rugged mountains and many volcanoes. This intricately dissected region includes the Cordillera Entre Ríos, on the Honduras border; the Cordilleras Isabelia and Dariense, in the north-central area; and the Huapí, Amerrique, and Yolaina mountains, in the southeast.

 

The mountains are highest in the north, and Mogotón Peak (6,900 feet [2,103 metres]), in the Cordillera Entre Ríos, is the highest point in the country.

To the west and south of the central mountain core is a string of 40 volcanoes—some of which are active—that stretches northwest-southeast along the Pacific coast. These volcanoes are surrounded by low plains extending from the Gulf of Fonseca in the north to the Bay of Salinas in the south and are separated from the mountains by the great basin that contains Lakes Nicaragua, Managua, and Masaya. They are divided into two groups: the Cordillera de los Marrabios in the north and the Pueblos Mesas in the south. The highest volcanoes include San Cristóbal (5,840 feet [1,780 metres]), Concepción (5,282 feet [1,610 metres]), and Momotombo (4,199 feet [1,280 metres]).

The eastern half of Nicaragua has low, level plains. Among the widest Caribbean lowlands in Central America, these plains average 60 miles (100 km) in width. The coastline is broken by river mouths and deltas and large coastal lagoons as well as by the coral reefs, islands, cays, and banks that dot Nicaragua’s continental shelf—the widest in Central America.

Drainage

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The central mountains form the country’s main watershed. The rivers that flow to the west empty into the Pacific Ocean or Lakes Managua and Nicaragua. They are short and carry a small volume of water; the most important are the Negro and Estero Real rivers, which empty into the Gulf of Fonseca, and the Tamarindo River, which flows into the Pacific.

The eastern rivers are of greater length. The 485-mile- (780-km-) long Coco River flows for 295 miles (475 km) along the Nicaragua-Honduras border and empties into the Caribbean on the extreme northern coast. The Río Grande de Matagalpa flows for 267 miles (430 km) from the Cordillera Dariense eastward across the lowlands to empty into the Caribbean north of Pearl Lagoon on the central coast. In the extreme south the San Juan River flows for 124 miles (200 km) from Lake Nicaragua into the Caribbean in the northern corner of Costa Rica. Other rivers of the Caribbean watershed include the 158-mile- (254-km-) long Prinzapolka River, the 55-mile- (89-km-) long Escondido River, the 60-mile- (97-km-) long Indio River, and the 37-mile- (60-km-) long Maíz River.

Plant and animal life

Although Nicaragua’s forests suffer from poorly regulated commercial exploitation and the increasing human footprint of the country’s burgeoning population, they are still the largest in Central America. Covering more than one-third of the country, they vary considerably in terms of elevation and rainfall. Nicaragua’s forests contain valuable cedar, mahogany, and pine timber as well as quebracho (axbreaker), guaiacum (a type of ironwood), guapinol (which yields resin), and medlar (which produces a crab-apple-like fruit).

Although rapidly being depleted, Nicaragua’s fauna includes mammals such as pumas, jaguars, ocelots, margays, various monkeys, deer, and peccaries; birds range from eagles to egrets to macaws to pelicans; reptiles include crocodiles, snakes, turtles, and lizards; and a variety of toads, frogs, fishes, mollusks, and insects are also found. Fauna, like the flora, varies considerably from one ecosystem to another.

People

Ethnic groups

The majority of Nicaraguans (between three-fifths and two-thirds of the total population) are mestizos—persons of mixed European and indigenous (Indian) ancestry. Whites, of European descent, constitute less than one-fifth of the total population, while people of African descent, indigenous people, and other groups collectively constitute nearly one-fourth of the total population.

Languages

The vast majority of Nicaraguans speak Spanish. It is the sole official language in all but the east coast regions where, under the 1987 constitution and the Atlantic Coast Autonomy Law enacted the same year, Miskito, Sumo, Rama, and Creole English have equal status with Spanish. On the west coast, indigenous languages have disappeared, even though their influence remains in place-names and many nouns in Nicaraguan Spanish.

Religion

There is no official religion in Nicaragua, but about one-half of Nicaraguans adhere to Roman Catholicism. Since the 1980s Evangelical Protestantism has grown considerably, particularly among the poor, and it is the religion of about one-third of the population. There are small Moravian and Anglican communities on the Caribbean coast. A very small Jewish community exists in larger cities.

Demographic trends

Despite the loss of nearly 30,000 people who were killed in the country’s civil war, and the hundreds of thousands who took refuge abroad, Nicaragua’s population increased from 2.5 million to nearly 4 million during Sandinista rule (1979–90). Declining infant mortality and a wartime “baby boom” are possible explanations. The war also spurred internal migration and a rapid expansion of cities. These factors, along with high fertility rates, have left the country with a young population. In the late 2010s more than three-tenths of the population was under age 15. Moreover, a restrictive abortion policy adopted in the first decade of the 21st century, which outlawed the procedure even in cases of rape or a life-threatening pregnancy, was expected to further increase the population.

Economy

Nicaragua is one of Latin America’s poorest countries and suffers from high unemployment rates and a large external debt. Remittances from Nicaraguans living abroad and foreign assistance are the country’s main sources of foreign income, though income from tourism has increased since the 1990s. The majority of Nicaraguans live in poverty.