Hello. Welcome to solsarin. This post is about “famous bureaucratic leaders“.
The term bureaucracy (/bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi/) refers to both a body of non-elected governing officials (bureaucrats) and to an administrative policy-making group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. Today, bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution, whether publicly owned or privately owned. The public administration in many jurisdictions and sub-jurisdictions exemplifies bureaucracy, but so does any centralized hierarchical structure of an institution, e.g. hospitals, academic entities, business firms, professional societies, social clubs, etc.
Bureaucracy in a political theory is mainly a centralized form of management and tends to be differentiated from adhocracy, in which management tends more to decentralization.
Various commentators have argued for the necessity of bureaucracies in modern society. The German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) argued that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and rational way in which human activity can be organized and that systematic processes and organized hierarchies are necessary to maintain order, to maximize efficiency, and to eliminate favoritism. On the other hand, Weber also saw unfettered bureaucracy as a threat to individual freedom, with the potential of trapping individuals in an impersonal “iron cage” of rule-based, rational control.
Bureaucrats are generally not well known because they are the people who have chosen to work in public service as a career. Unlike people in political positions who may run for election every few years and get their name in the public eye, a bureaucrat serves the public from year to year no matter which political party or person may temporarily be on top. These public servants are the ones with the depth of knowledge in their particular field to keep things running the best that they can regardless of the temporary and sometimes ill-advised political agendas that are impractical or impossible.
While cabinet level officials are political appointees who may or may not have any experience with the federal government, their deputies who run the day to day operations and who figure out how to implement policy are bureaucrats. Senior Executive Service in the federal government are one such group of well-educated and highly experienced people.
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The people at the State Department who are not political appointments to the diplomatic corp are the professionals who are extremely well vetted before getting a foot in the door and eventually rise to the level that they are the number two at an embassy or an ambassador who rose on merit after working for years inside of that department. Unless something particularly newsworthy happens at their embassy or in the other departments that keep operations running, the public will rarely know their names or care to learn them.
Occasionally, someone will serve in federal or state government in a career position and then run for political office to get the highest position in their field. However, it is less common in most fields simply because employees often must resign before running for political office. The most common example of that situation that comes to my mind is when one or more deputy prosecutors in a district attorney’s office or similar office will resign in order to stand for election against the incumbent. I believe that Franklin D. Roosevelt worked in government positions before running for election in federal government, but I don’t know if he was ever in a regular bureaucratic position or only a politically appointed job. Perhaps someone more familiar with his early career could add information in that regard.
Max Weber coined the term bureaucratic leadership in 1947 to describe an efficient way to set up large organizations[1]. Weber defined this leadership style as “an organizational structure that is characterized by many rules, standardized processes, procedures and requirements, number of desks, the meticulous division of labor and responsibility, clear hierarchies and professional, almost impersonal interactions between employees.” Think systems, structure, top-down control, and processes when picturing bureaucratic leadership. Communication is often classic Downward Communication. (Weber also defined the charismatic leadership style as part of the same framework.)
Sociologist George Ritzer took Weber’s concept of bureaucracy a step further by developing the concept of McDonaldization. In essence, Ritzer frames bureaucracy as a rational way to approach decision-making and the development of society. He used McDonald’s as a point of reference because of the inherent bureaucratic structure in their business model.
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