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Karl Marx saw capitalism as a progressive historical stage that would eventually stagnate due to internal contradictions and be followed by socialism. … They believe that private ownership of the means of production enriches capitalists (owners of capital) at the expense of workers.
Karl Marx saw
as a progressive historical stage that would eventually stagnate due to internal contradictions and be followed by
Marxists define capital as “a social, economic relation” between people (rather than between people and things). In this sense they seek to abolish capital.
Revolutionary socialists believe that
can only be overcome through revolution.
Social democrats believe that structural change can come slowly through political reforms to
Marxists define capital as “a social, economic relation” between people (rather than between people and things).
Normative Marxism advocates a revolutionary overthrow of
that would lead to
, before eventually transforming into communism after class antagonisms and the state ceased to exist.
revolution: A political upheaval in a government or nation-state characterized by great change.
: Any of various economic and political philosophies that support social equality, collective decision-making, distribution of income based on contribution and public ownership of productive capital and natural resources, as advocated by socialists.
progressive: Favoring or promoting progress; advanced.
The era of capitalism was beginning. Landowners had dominated the old era. They gradually lost power. A new class of business people–merchants, bankers, and industrialists–rose to power.
During the early years of industrialization in England, workers had no say in what their wages or working conditions would be. The typical workday was 12 hours not counting meal times. Children under 10 commonly worked in the factories and coal mines.
Up to about the 1880s, worker living conditions were awful in English industrial cities such as Manchester. Entire families crowded into single-room apartments. Dirt, garbage, sewage, industrial wastes, foul air, and polluted water poisoned the environment. In the English industrial cities, 25 percent of all children under age 5 died of disease and malnutrition.
Karl Marx was born in 1818 in a part of Germany then called Prussia. As a young university student, he spent a lot of time drinking and getting into bar fights. He still managed to study hard.
Marx joined a group of students who studied the German philosopher, Georg Hegel. Hegel taught that every important idea (thesis) produced another idea that was its opposite (antithesis). The resulting conflict or struggle between them resulted in an entirely new idea (synthesis). Later in his career, Marx would build on Hegel’s philosophy to explain how class struggle in history leads to a final, perfect society. Hegel had been idealist. He believed ideas shaped history. Marx, however, was a materialist. He believed economics shaped history.
Marx earned his doctor’s degree in philosophy at age 23. For a brief time, he wrote for a German newspaper, attacking Prussian censorship laws. He also wrote philosophical essays.
In Brussels, Marx and Engels joined a small radical workers’ group and persuaded the members to name it the Communist League. The league then asked Marx and Engels to write a manifesto, a statement of the group’s beliefs. During the winter of 1847-48, Marx did most of the writing of what became his most famous work: the Communist Manifesto.
“A specter is haunting Europe–the specter of Communism.”
This is how Marx began the Communist Manifesto. He went on to describe what he believed to be a scientific and economic explanation of how history had progressed in the past and would unfold in the future.
The history of society, Marx wrote, “is the history of class struggles.”
Marx attempted to show that throughout history one economic class always oppressed another:
“Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guildmaster and journeyman.” But eventually the downtrodden class rose up, overthrew its masters, and created an entirely new society.
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