where is chyme produced
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Chyme
Chyme or chymus (/kaɪm/; from Greek χυμός khymos, “juice”) is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by a person’s stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum (the beginning of the small intestine).
Chyme results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme in some time from 40 minutes to 3 hours.
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With a pH of approximately 2, chyme emerging from the stomach is very acidic. The duodenum secretes a hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes the gall bladder to contract, releasing alkaline bile into the duodenum. CCK also causes the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. The duodenum is a short section of the small intestine located between the stomach and the rest of the small intestine.
Pancreatic secretion
The duodenum also produces the hormone secretin to stimulate the pancreatic secretion of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate, which then raises pH of the chyme to 7. The chyme then moves through the jejunum and the ileum, where digestion progresses, and the nonuseful portion continues onward into the large intestine. The duodenum is protected by a thick layer of mucus and the neutralizing actions of the sodium bicarbonate and bile.
At a pH of 7, the enzymes that were present from the stomach are no longer active. This then leads into the further breakdown of the nutrients still present by anaerobic bacteria, which at the same time help to package the remains. These bacteria also help synthesize vitamin B and vitamin K, which will be absorbed along with other nutrients.
Properties
Chyme has a low pH that is countered by the production of bile, helping to further digest food. It is part liquid and part solid: a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and small intestine during digestion. Chyme also contains cells from the mouth and esophagus that slough off from the mechanical action of chewing and swallowing.
Path of chyme
After hours of mechanical and chemical digestion, food has been reduced into chyme. As particles of food become small enough, they are passed out of the stomach at regular intervals into the small intestine, which stimulates the pancreas to release fluid containing a high concentration of bicarbonate. This fluid neutralizes the gastric juices, which can damage the lining of the intestine and result in duodenal ulcer. Other secretions from the pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and glands in the intestinal wall help in digestion.
When food particles are sufficiently reduced in size and composition, they are absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to the bloodstream. Some food material is passed from the small intestine to the large intestine. In the large intestine, bacteria break down any proteins and starches in chyme that were not digested fully in the small intestine.
When all of the nutrients have been absorbed from chyme, the remaining waste material changes into semisolids that are called feces. The feces pass to the rectum, to be stored until ready to be discharged from the body during defecation.
How and where is chyme produced?
When food reaches the stomach via the food pipe (esophagus), it gets mixed with the secretions of the gastric glands that are present in the stomach wall. These secretions include hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsin (digestive enzyme) and mucus among others. The food is partially digested in the stomach. Then the contents of the stomach ie partially digested food mixed with gastric secretions leave the stomach and enter the duodenum (initial part of small intestine). This mixture of food and secretions is called chyme.
Chyme is a semi-liquid or semi-fluid mass of digested food and the the digestive secretions that are formed in the stomach and small intestine during the digestion process. Chyme has low pH which is countered by the production of the bile.Muscular contractions of the stomach walls help to mix food and digestive secretions which in turn form chyme. As chyme passes through the stomach and intestine,it picks up cellular debris and other waste products. When the nutrients are absorbed from the chyme completely, the remaining waste material passes to the end of the large intestine, colon and rectum and is stored as fecal matter until it is ready to be excreted from the body.
Mixing food and digestive materials
Muscular contractions of the stomach walls help to mix food and digestive substances together in forming chyme. As particles of food become small enough, they are passed at regular intervals into the small intestine. Once in the intestine, more enzymes are added and mixing continues. When food particles are sufficiently reduced in size and composition, they are absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to the bloodstream. Some food material is passed from the small intestine to the large intestine, or colon.
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In the colon, chyme is acted upon by bacteria that break down the proteins, starches, and some plant fibres not totally digested by the other organs. In both the small and the large intestine, water is normally absorbed so the chyme gradually gets thicker. As chyme passes through the stomach and intestine, it picks up cellular debris and other types of waste products. When all of the nutrients have been absorbed from chyme, the remaining waste material passes to the end of the large intestine, the sigmoid colon and rectum, to be stored as fecal matter until it is ready to be excreted from the body.
What is Chyme?
Chyme is defined as a mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices. Essentially, it is the medical term for food that has been processed by the stomach and small intestine. Once chyme is initially formed in the stomach, it passes to the duodenum for additional processing. In the duodenum, it is combined with fluids from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder to facilitate digestion even further. The Greek word khymos is the origin of chyme, meaning “juice.”
Chyme consists of:
- Undigested food
- Saliva
- Stomach acid (also known as gastric acid or gastric juices): A highly acidic fluid consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl).
- Digestive enzymes: A group of enzymes (proteins that help biochemical reactions occur) produced in the pancreas and released into the small intestine. Each enzyme is responsible for digesting a specific compound. Peptidases break down proteins. Nucleases break down genetic components in food. Amylase breaks down carbohydrates, and lipases break down fats.
- Bicarbonate: The pancreas releases bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acid.
- Bile: A yellow-green substance produced by the liver and stored by the gallbladder that helps dissolve fats.
Properties of Chyme
Chyme maintains a semifluid consistency, and it is highly acidic with a pH of 1-2. For reference, battery acid has a pH of approximately 0.7. Chyme gets its acidity from stomach acid (the stomach also maintains a pH of 1-2), which breaks down food, aids digestion, kills bacteria, and helps prevent food infections. The stomach is lined with mucus to protect itself from its own acidic environment.
Chyme Function
Chyme functions to:
- Increase the surface area of food by breaking it down into smaller components.
- Stimulate digestive glands to secrete their respective solutions.
When food is consumed, it enters the body in relatively large portions that are broken down by chewing. When food is processed by the stomach, it is broken down even further. This increases the surface area of food to provide gastric and digestive juices more access. Digestive enzymes must be in direct contact with their substrate (the substance upon which an enzyme acts) in order for a reaction to proceed.
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Mechanical digestion
Once chyme reaches the small intestine, it is joined by secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. As mentioned, bile is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It is secreted by both the liver and gallbladder to assist in the digestion of fat. Meanwhile, the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. While an acidic environment is helpful for digestion in the stomach, chyme must be neutralized. So as not to harm the lining of the small intestine. The introduction of chemical compounds to break down food is called chemical digestion. This is most often initiated by visual and olfactory (smell) cues (i.e., the mouth starts to water at the first smell of delicious food). When chyme enters the stomach, chemical digestion increases to meet the needs of digestion.
It is important to note that chyme’s functions are assisted by the mechanical nature of the gastrointestinal tract. Peristalsis is the constriction and relaxation of muscles to produce wave-like movements that push a substance forward. The stomach and small intestine use peristalsis to mix digested food, evenly disperse the constituents of chyme. And move it along the digestive tract. This, along with chewing in the mouth, is called mechanical digestion.
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